“Music is life and as such is
inextinguishable.”—Carl Nielsen
This is the web page of the book Anton Bruckner, Eleven Symphonies, known also as the Bruckner Red Book, by William Carragan, contributing editor, Anton Bruckner Collected Edition, and Vice-President, Bruckner Society of America. The book is about to reach the final pre-printing stage and an index is being compiled. We have already selected a printer, and we expect to have the printed copies available in February 2020. Here you will find timely notifications of that progress.
Eleven Symphonies
Bruckner scholars and enthusiasts have been aware at least from the 1930s that there are in the Austrian National Library and elsewhere manuscript sources for Bruckner’s symphonies and masses that differ rather widely from the publications of these works made during his lifetime.
On August 7, 1862, as the final part of his studies with Otto Kitzler, Bruckner completed a string quartet in C minor with a seven-part rondo as the finale, and eight days later, he produced at Kitzler’s request a longer rondo movement, also in seven parts, but with entirely different themes.
The gift of St. Nicholas in 1862 was Bruckner’s first full-length orchestral work, the Overture in G Minor, arriving in its earliest incarnation on December 24.
This symphony has only one version. It was written as the culmination of Bruckner’s study of practical music, along with the German setting of Psalm 112(113) (Laudate pueri) and the Overture in G Minor.
The First Symphony was completed in 1866, using many of the techniques brought to life in the previous Symphony in F Minor, but going beyond its predecessor in its scale and complexity, particularly in the developments and codas.
- Topic 1, Example 1.1
- Topic 5, Example 1.2
- Topic 6, Example 1.3
- Topic 7, "Listen here"
- Topic 8, Example 1.4
- Topic 9, Example 1.5
- Topic 11, Example 1.6
- Topic 12, Example 1.7
- Topic 13, Example 1.8
- Topic 14, Example 1.9
- Topic 15, Example 1.10
- Topic 16, Example 1.11
- Topic 17, "Listen here"
- Topic 18, Example 1.12
- Topic 19, Example 1.13
- Topic 20, Example 1.14
This symphony has only one version, that of 1869, although in former times it was thought that there had also been an early version of 1863 immediately following the Symphony in F minor.
On October 29 and 31, 1869, Bruckner jotted down on one side of a single piece of paper a musical sketch on nine two-staff systems entitled “Symphony
in B flat”. In the sketch there is a total of 68 measures of music, with six more measures metrically numbered in preparation for further composition to be entered.
The Second Symphony, begun in 1871 and completed on September 11, 1872, is considered to be the first of his Vienna-style symphonies.
The “Wagner Symphony” begins as if there is to be an enormous expansion in scale beyond the Second, with two principal themes each presented twice in two separate waves, but in performance the two symphonies turn out to be of about the same length. The symphony was completed in 1873 and its dedication to Richard Wagner was cemented by the inclusion of references to Wagner’s music in at least three locations.
- Topic 1, Example 3.1
- Topic 2, Example 3.2
- Topic 4, Example 3.3
- Topic 5, Examples 3.4 and 3.5
- Topic 6, Example 3.6
- Topic 7, "Listen here"
- Topic 8, Examples 3.7, 3.8, and 3.9
- Topic 9, Example 3.10
- Topic 10, Example 3.11
- Topic 11, Example 3.12
- Topic 13, Example 3.14
- Topic 14, Example 3.15
- Topic 15, Example 3.16
- Topic 16, Example 3.17
- Topic 17, "Listen here"
- Topic 18, Example 3.18
- Topic 19, Example 3.19
- Topic 21, Example 3.21
- Topic 22, Example 3.22
The Fourth Symphony, the only one to which Bruckner gave a descriptive name, was begun on January 2, 1874 and was completed in its first version on November 22 of the same year.
- Topic 1, Example 4.1
- Topic 2, Example 4.2
- Topic 3, Example 4.3
- Topic 4, Example 4.4
- Topic 5, Example 4.5
- Topic 6, Example 4.6
- Topic 7, Example 4.7
- Topic 8, Example 4.8
- Topic 9, Example 4.9
- Topic 10, Example 4.10
- Topic 11, Example 4.11
- Topic 12, Example 4.12
- Topic 13, Example 4.13
- Topic 14, Example 4.14
- Topic 15, Example 4.15
- Topic 16, Example 4.16
- Topic 17, "Listen here"
- Topic 18, Example 4.17
- Topic 19, Example 4.18
- Topic 20, Example 4.19
- Topic 21, Example 4.20
- Topic 22, Example 4.21
- Topic 23, Example 4.22
- Topic 24, "Listen here"
- Topic 25, "Listen here"
- Topic 26, Example 4.24
The Fifth Symphony was begun in February 1875 and completed in first draft in May 1876. It was his most ambitious project up to that point, and contains four movements of stunning complexity with a finale containing over 300 measures of fugal writing, much of it in double counterpoint.
After the enormous effort of the Fifth Symphony and the simultaneous revision of nearly all of his other major works, all accomplished by 1878, Bruckner regrouped his resources by undertaking new works on a deliberately smaller scale, in which his stylistic resources could continue to develop in more intimate and controllable dimensions.
Bruckner considered the Sixth Symphony in A major to be among his boldest works. “Die Sechste, die keckste” (“the sixth, the brashest”), as he wittily put it. The Sixth has, nevertheless, long been regarded as something of a “stepchild,” to borrow Robert Haas’s term, and has always been among the least often performed of Bruckner’s symphonies.
As with the Fifth and Sixth, the Seventh Symphony has effectively only one version. However, there are significant problems in editing, most of which are listed here. These apply to the first publication by Albert Gutmann in 1885, the edition brought out by Robert Haas in 1944, and the slightly-revised Nowak edition of 1954.
- Topic 1, "Listen here"
- Topic 2, Example 7.1
- Topic 4, Example 7.2
- Topic 6, "Listen here"
- Topic 8, Example 7.3
- Topic 10, "Listen here"
- Topic 11, "Listen here"
- Topic 12, "Listen here"
- Topic 13, Example 7.4
- Topic 14, Example 7.5
- Topic 15, Example 7.6
- Topic 16, Example 7.7
- Topic 17, Example 7.8
- Topic 18, Example 7.9
The Eighth Symphony was completed in its first version in 1887, and Bruckner sent it to the conductor Hermann Levi who had already presented the Seventh to great success. But Levi felt he could not understand it and thus could not conduct it, and wrote to Joseph Schalk asking him to break the news to Bruckner.
The Ninth Symphony has only one version, consisting of three movements with extensive sketches of the finale. If Bruckner had lived to complete the finale, he would almost certainly have gone over the other movements and made adjustments. Thus what we have is a work in progress.
” Before one can criticize, one needs to know the facts, and it turns out that every version of each symphony has something wonderful and unique to offer. “—William Carragan